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- <text id=93CT1740>
- <link 89TT0496>
- <title>
- Jamaica--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Caribbean
- Jamaica
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Jamaica was discovered 1494 by Christopher Columbus and
- settled by the Spanish during the early 16th century. In 1655,
- British forces seized the island, and in 1670 Great Britain
- gained formal possession through the Treaty of Madrid.
- </p>
- <p> Sugar and slavery, important elements in Jamaica's history
- and development, made Jamaica one of the most valuable
- possessions in the world for more than 150 years. Slavery was
- ended in 1838, some years before emancipation in most other
- parts of the New World.
- </p>
- <p> After a long period of direct British colonial rule, Jamaica
- gained some local political control in the late 1930s. During
- this period, which was marked by social unrest and occasional
- violence, the groundwork was laid for Jamaica's major political
- parties, led by Norman Washington Manley (People's National
- Party--PNP) and his cousin, Sir Alexander Bustamante (Jamaica
- Labor Party--JLP). Jamaica's first election with adult
- suffrage was held in 1944, and the JLP formed the first
- government. Since then, the two parties have alternated power,
- with each serving two terms at a time.
- </p>
- <p> In 1958, Jamaica joined nine other British territories in the
- West Indies Federation but withdrew when, in a 1961 referendum,
- Jamaican voters rejected membership. Jamaica gained independence
- from the United Kingdom in 1962 but has remained a member of the
- Commonwealth.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The two major political parties are closely linked to the two
- major trade unions--the Jamaica Labor Party (JLP) with the
- Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) and the People's
- National Party (PNP) with the National Workers Union (NWU).
- </p>
- <p> The JLP emphasized the role of the private sector,
- restructuring of the economy, reform of government, and the need
- for foreign private investment during its most recent term in
- office (1980-89) under party leader Edward Seaga. The JLP is
- affiliated with the International Democrat Union.
- </p>
- <p> The PNP is a social democratic party. The party, now the
- government, pledges to improve social and educational conditions
- and to expand the private sector with the help of foreign
- investment. It is affiliated with the Socialist International.
- </p>
- <p> Minor political movements do not play a significant role in
- Jamaican politics, although the small Communist Workers Party of
- Jamaica is affiliated with the expanding University and Allied
- Workers Union, now the country's third largest.
- </p>
- <p> In the February 1989 general elections, the PNP won 45 seats,
- and the JLP won 15 in the House of Representatives. Major issues
- in the campaign included the state of social services, alleged
- centralization of decision making under the 1980-89 Seaga
- government, and the question of whether change was needed after
- more than 8 years of JLP rule. The election marked the return
- of a two-party parliament (the PNP boycotted the 1983 general
- election because of a dispute over voter registration) and
- continued the Jamaican tradition of alternating two-term
- governments. A pre-election "peace accord" between the two
- parties helped minimize political campaign violence that was
- significantly reduced from the high level that characterized
- the 1980 general election.
- </p>
- <p> Local elections were last held in 1986, when the PNP won a
- decisive victory. Jamaican law requires that local elections be
- held every 3 years.
- </p>
- <p> Jamaica's political system is stable and backed by sound
- institutions. However, the country's serious economic problems
- have exacerbated social problems and have become the subject of
- political debate. Unemployment, averaging 18.2% in 1988, and
- shortages of foreign exchange are the most serious economic
- problems. Concentration of unemployed people in urban areas has
- produced shantytowns, contributing to a high crime rate,
- especially in Kingston.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-